Trastornos del sueño en emergencias y desastres / Sleep disorders in emergencies and disasters

Los trastornos del sueño son frecuentes en la población y una causa importante de morbilidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar las alteraciones del sueño en periodos de emergencia y desastres. A lo largo de la historia, la esfera biopsicosocial y el sueño de las personas ha sido abrumada por múltiples eventos a gran escala, tales como desastres naturales, tragedias provocadas por el hombre, conflictos bélicos, crisis sociales y pandemias, cuya experiencia puede derivar en problemas de salud a corto, mediano y/o largo plazo. En los estudios analizados, se ha observado el impacto negativo de las emergencias y desastres en el sueño, por lo que ha cobrado gran relevancia la difusión y promoción de medidas que incentiven el buen dormir. Debido a la llegada del COVID-19 y a la situación de confinamiento por periodos prolongados en el hogar para prevenir su propagación, han surgido importantes consecuencias a nivel social. Ciertos factores ocupacionales y características de los desastres se asocian a mayor comorbilidad, un alto riesgo de experimentar agotamiento físico, trastornos psicológicos e insomnio en grupos altamente vulnerables, como lo son los profesionales de la salud, rescatistas y socorristas. El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño más frecuente en la población general y su empeoramiento en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19 representa un nuevo problema en salud pública. Es por ello, que es indispensable promover campañas de prevención de salud física y mental orientados a la pesquisa precoz y manejo de patologías de la esfera psicosocial, dentro de las posibilidades socioeconómicas.

Sleep disorders are common in the population and are major cause of morbidity. The objective of this review is to assess sleep disturbances in times of emergency and disasters. Throughout history, the biopsychosocial field and sleep have been affected by multiple large-scale events, such as natural disasters, man-caused tragedies, armed conflicts, social crises and pandemics, the experience of which can lead to short, medium and/or long term health problems. In several studies, the negative impact of emergencies and disasters on sleep have been analyzed, emphasizing the importance of the diffusion and promotion of measures that encourage good sleep. The arrival of COVID-19 and consequent home confinement for prolonged periods caused important social consequences. Certain occupational factors and characteristics of disasters are associated with greater comorbidity: a high risk of experiencing physical exhaustion, psychological disorders and insomnia, especially in highly vulnerable groups, such as health professionals, rescuers and first aids-responders. Insomnia is the most frequent sleep disorder in the general population and its worsening in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, represents a new public health problem. It is essential to promote physical and mental health prevention campaigns, aimed at early screening and management of pathologies in the psychosocial sphere, within socioeconomic possibilities.

Relaciones de pareja homosexual y heterosexual: un estudio comparativo

Esta investigación tiene el propósito de evaluar y comparar a personas heterosexuales y homosexuales, con relaciones de pareja estables, respecto a los componentes de la teoría triangular del amor, tácticas de resolución de conflictos, ajuste con la pareja y bienestar psicológico. Participaron 157 adultos jóvenes chilenos, 77 homosexuales (30 lesbianas y 47 gays) y 80 heterosexuales (45 mujeres y 35 hombres). Se utilizaron la Escala de Ajuste Diádico, la Escala Triangular del Amor de Sternberg, la Flourishing Scale de Diener y el Conflict Resolution Style Inventory de Kurdek. Los resultados muestran algunas diferencias significativas en tácticas de resolución de conflicto, componentes del amor y ajuste en la pareja, según la orientación sexual; además existen diferencias entre las mujeres que conviven y no conviven.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare heterosexual and homosexual people who are in stable relationships, with respect to the components of the triangular theory of love: conflict resolution tactics, couple adjustment and psychological wellbeing. The participants were comosed of 157 young adults Chileans: 77 homosexuals (30 lesbians and 47 gay men) and 80 heterosexuals (45 women and 35 men). The instruments used were the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale, the Flourishing Scale of Diener and Conflict Resolution Style Inventory of Kurdek. The results show that there are significant differences in some conflict resolution tactics, components of love between partners, and couple adjustment according to sexual orientation. In addition, there are also differences between women living and not living with a partner.

Burnout en médicos residentes de especialidades y subespecialidades: estudio de prevalencia y variables asociadas en un centro universitario / Burnout in resident doctors of specialties and subspecialties: study of prevalence and associated variables in a university center

Introducción: El burnout es un síndrome caracterizado por agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y bajo sentido de logro personal. Los médicos residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad constituyen una población de riesgo por la alta carga laboral y la interferencia con su vida personal. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de burnout y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas, en residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta electrónica a los residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad de la PUC, que incluyó el "Inventario de Burnout de Maslach" (22 preguntas divididas en 3 dimensiones). Se sumaron los puntos de cada dimensión y se clasificó a los residentes en riesgo de burnout al presentar altos índices de agotamiento emocional y/o despersonalización. El análisis estadístico incluyó un análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: 415 encuestas fueron contestadas (tasa de respuesta 86 por ciento). El 38,3 por ciento de los residentes cumplió criterios de burnout, con un 41,9 por ciento en residentes de especialidad y 24,1por ciento en residentes de subespecialidad. En el análisis por subgrupos, la mayor prevalencia se encontró en especialidades quirúrgicas (55,3por ciento). Los residentes extranjeros, los programas de especialidad (comparados con subespecialidad) y los programas de especialidades quirúrgicas se asociaron de manera independiente a burnout (OR 3,8 IC95 por ciento 1,4-10,5, p=0,01; OR 2,3 IC95 por ciento 1,3-4,1, p<0,01 y OR 1,7 IC95 por ciento 1,1-2,7; p=0,02, respectivamente). La carga laboral horaria no se asoció de manera independiente a burnout (p=0,19). Conclusión: Los residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad presentan una alta prevalencia de burnout. Adicionalmente, ser extranjero, el pertenecer a un programa de especialidad y los programas de especialidades quirúrgicas se asocian de manera independiente a burnout.(AU)

Introduction: Burnoutis a pathological syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low sense of personal accomplishment. Residents from medical specialties and subspecialties constitute a population at risk for high work overload and interference in personal life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of burnout and its associations with sociodemographic variables, in specialty and subspecialty residents of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Methods: An electronic survey was answered by residents of specialty and subspecialty of PUC. It included the "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (which consists of 22 questions divided into 3 dimensions). The points of each dimension were added and burnout was defined as a high score on depersonalization or emotional exhaustion subscales. Statistical analysis included an univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: 415 surveys were answered (response rate 86 percent). 38.3 percent of residents met criteria for burnout, with a percentage of 41.9 percent for specialty residents and 24.1 percent for subspecialty residents. In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was found in surgical specialties (55.3 percent). Foreign residents, medical residency programs (compared to sub specialization programs) and surgical programs were independently associated with burnout (OR 3.8 IC95 percent1.4-10.5, p=0.01; OR 2.3 IC95 percent 1.3-4.1, p<0.01 y OR 1.7 IC95% 1.1-2.7; p=0.02, respectively). There was no independent association between duty hours and burnout (p=0.19). Conclusion: Specialty and subspecialty residents have a high prevalence of burnout. Additionally, foreign residents, participation in a speciality residency (compared to subspecialties programs) and surgical residencies are independently associated to burnout. (AU)

Evaluación de la carga laboral en residentes Chilenos de especialidades y subespecialidades médicas / Workload assessment in Chilean residents of specialties and medical subspecialties

Introducción: La sobrecarga laboral horaria es un importante problema en los programas de especialización médica. Se asocia a mayor prevalencia de depresión, burnout, deserción, e impacta en la calidad de vida de los residentes. Nuestro objetivo fue cuantificar las horas semanales de carga laboral horaria en residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta electrónica a los residentes de especialidad y subespecialidad de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2013). Esta incluyó autorreporte de horas semanales trabajadas (jornada habitual, turnos presenciales y turnos de llamada). Para el análisis se consideraron solo las horas presenciales (jornada habitual y turnos presenciales Resultados: se obtuvieron 415 respuestas (tasa de respuesta 86%). Los residentes de especialidad reportaron una jornada de 52,8 ± 20,3 horas semanales más un promedio de 22,6 ± 22,5 horas de turnos presenciales semanales. Los residentes de programas de subespecialidad reportaron una jornada de 55,9 ± 22,2 horas semanales más un promedio de 23 ± 3,9 horas de turnos presenciales semanales. De los 53 programas evaluados, el 22,6 por ciento sobrepasó el límite recomendado por la Dirección de Postgrado PUC (80 horas semanales). Cinco programas reportaron 90-100 horas semanales (todas especialidades o subespecialidades quirúrgicas) y 7 programas reportaron 80-90 horas semanales (3 subespecialidades médicas, 1 subespecialidad quirúrgica, 2 especialidades médicas y 1 especialidad quirúrgica). Conclusión: los residentes de especialidades y subespecialidades médicas en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile están sometidos a una carga horaria significativa. Los programas quirúrgicos presentaron la mayor sobrecarga horaria presencial, con un promedio mayor al recomendado a nivel internacional. (AU)

Introduction: Residents work hours' overload constitutes an important problem in medical postgraduate residency programs. It has been associated to an increased prevalence of depression, burnout, attrition and affects quality of life of residents. The aim of our study was to quantify the duty hours in residents of specialty and subspecialty at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC). Methods: An electronic survey was performed to residents of specialty and subspecialty at PUC (2013). It included an auto report of the duty hours worked in a week (regular working day, night shifts and on call shifts). We only included for analysis the face hours (regular working day and night shifts). Results: 415 surveys were answered (response rate 86percent). Specialty residents reported 52.8 ± 20.3 regular working hours per week plus an average of 22.6 ± 22.5 hours of night shifts. Subspecialty residents reported 55.9 ± 22.2 regular working hours per week plus an average of 23 ± 3.9 hours of night shifts. From the 53 evaluated programs, 22.6 percent exceeded the limit recommended in the PUC Postgraduate Office (80 hours per week). Five programs reported 90-100 hours per week (all were surgical specialties and subspecialties) and 7 programs reported 80-90 hours per week (3 medical subspecialties, 1 surgical subspecialty, 2 medical specialties and 1 surgical specialty). Conclusion: The residents of specialty and subspecialty from medical postgraduate programs at PUC are subject to a significant workload. The surgical programs present the highest time workload, with a greater average than the internationally recommended.(AU)

Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) effects of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae) / Efectos tóxicos e IGR de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae)

In addition to eucalyptin the methanol extract from leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae) afforded the known compounds apigenin, chrysin, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin; together with betulinic acid, oleanolic, ursolic acid, and two remaining complex mixtures of unidentified flavonoids and triterpenes. These compounds together with triterpenes mixtures, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed antifeedant, insecticidal and insect growth regulatory activities against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] an important pest of corn, and yellow mealworm [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae)] a pest of stored grains. The most active compounds were chrysin, eucalyptin, quercetin, luteolin, and betulinic and oleanolic acids and the mixtures of flavonoids and triterpenes (M1 and M2). These compounds and mixtures had IGR activity between 0.2 to 5.0 ug/mL and insecticidal effects between 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL.The extracts were insecticidal to larvae, with lethal doses between 20-100 ug/mL. These compounds appear to have selective effects on the pre-emergence metabolism of the Lepidoptera, since in all treatments of the larvae of S. frugiperda the pupation was shortened and this process showed precociousness in relation to control. Thus, these substances may be useful as potential natural insecticidal agents.

Extracto metanolico de hojas de Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae) proporcionó además de eucalyptin, flavonoides tales como apigenina, crisina, luteolina, naringenina, quercetina; los triterpenos, ácido oleanólico, ácido ursólico betulínico, y dos mezclas complejas de flavonoides y triterpenos no identificados M1 y M2. Los flavonoides, triterpenos y mezclas de triterpenos, extractos de acetato de etilo y hexano mostraron efectos antialimentarios, insecticida y actividad reguladora de crecimiento (IGR) frente al gusano cogollero [Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], una plaga importante del maíz y frente al gusano de la harina [Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)], una plaga de los granos almacenados. Los compuestos más activos fueron crisina, eucalyptin, quercetina, luteolina, ácido betulínico y ácido oleanólico y las mezclas de flavonoides y triterpenos (M1 y M2). Estos compuestos y mezclas mostraron actividad IGR entre 0,2 y 5,0 ug/mL y efectos insecticidas entre 5,0 y 10,0 μg/mL. Los extractos mostraron carácter insecticida para las larvas a dosis letales entre 20-100 ug/mL. Estas muestras parecen tener efectos selectivos sobre el metabolismo de pre-emergencia de los lepidópteros, ya que en todos los tratamientos de las larvas de S. frugiperda el tiempo de la pupación se acortó; este proceso muestra precocidad en relación con el control, las substancias ensayadas en este trabajo pueden ser útiles como potenciales agentes insecticidas naturales.

Diplomado de salud y humanización: el valor de la reflexión y el aprendizaje presencial / Health and humanization Diploma: the value of reflection and face to face learning

Background: In a rapidly changing culture like ours, with emphasis on productivity, there is a strong need to find the meaning of health care work using learning instances that privilege reflection and face to face contact with others. The Diploma in Health and Humanization (DSH), was developed as an interdisciplinary space for training on issues related to humanization. Aim: To analyze the experience of DSH aiming to identify the elements that students considered key factors for the success of the program. Material and Methods: We conducted a focus group with DSH graduates, identifying factors associated with satisfaction. Transcripts were coded and analyzed by two independent reviewers. Results: DSH graduates valued a safe space, personal interaction, dialogue and respect as learning tools of the DSH. They also appreciates the opportunity to have emotional interactions among students and between them and the teacher as well as the opportunity to share personal stories and their own search for meaning. Discussion: DSH is a learning experience in which their graduates value the ability to think about their vocation and the affective interaction with peers and teachers. We hope to contribute to the development of face to face courses in the area of humanization. Face to face methodology is an excellent teaching technique for contents related to the meaning of work, and more specifically, to a group of learners that require affective communication and a personal connection of their work with their own values and beliefs.

Evaluación del ambiente educacional en programas de especialización médica / Evaluation of the educational environment in medical specialty programs

Background: The Postgraduate Hospital Education Environment Measure (PHEEM) questionnaire, is a valid and reliable instrument to measure the educational environment (EE) in postgraduate medical education. Aim: To evaluate the EE perceived by the residents of a postgraduate training program using the PHEEM. Material and Methods: The PHEEM was applied in 2010-2011 in 35 specialty programs. We calculated their individual results and compared means of both global and individual domain scores of the PHEEM, by gender, university of origin and nationality. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and D study (Generalizability theory) were performed for reliability. Results: Three hundred eighteen residents were surveyed (75.7% of the total universe). The mean score of the PHEEM was 105.09 ± 22.46 (65.7% of the maximal score) which is considered a positive EE. The instrument is highly reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.934). The D study found that 15 subjects are required to obtain reliable results (G coefficient = 0.813). There were no significant differences between gender and university of origin. Foreigners evaluated better the EE than Chileans and racism was not perceived. The programs showed a safe physical environment and teachers with good clinical skills. The negative aspects perceived were a lack of information about working hours, insufficient academic counseling, and scanty time left for extracurricular activities. Conclusions: This questionnaire allowed us to identify positive aspects of the EE, and areas to be improved in the specialty programs. The PHEEM is a useful instrument to evaluate the EE in Spanish-speaking participants of medical specialty programs.

Terapia familiar breve y atención primaria: un caso de trastorno somatomorfo / Brief familiar therapy in primary health care: a case of somatization disorder

En este artículo se presenta un modelo de Terapia Familiar que puede ser útil en la atención primaria para el tratamiento de pacientes somatomorfos o con trastornos somatomorfos. El objetivo fue describir un caso de trastorno somatomorfo y una forma de intervención a través de la Terapia Familiar Breve. El Método incluyo la recogida de la historia clínica y aplicación de la Terapia Familiar Breve por dos profesionales de la salud: psicólogo y médico de familia. Los resultados muestran una disminución de la sintomatología y recuperación de su competencia personal para funcionar autónomamente. Se discute el valor de la aplicación de la Terapia Familiar Breve o de corta duración en la atención de pacientes con trastornos somatomorfos y la importancia de usar estrategias que mejoren la resolutividad del sistema.

This article presents a model of familiar therapy useful at primary health care for the treatment of patients with somatization disorder or somatization. The objective is to describe a case of somatization disorder and an intervention form of Brief Family Therapy. The method included the recollection of clinical history and the application of Brief Family Therapy by two health professionals: a psychologist and a family doctor. The results showed symptomatology reduction and patient autonomy. The use of Brief Family Therapy with somatization disorder is discussed in primary care and the importance of improving the system resoluty.

Comparando fuerza tensil en incisiones cerradas con nylon 5-0 y 2-octylcianoacrilato / Tensile strength of sutures closed with nylon or octylcyanoacrylate in rabbits

Objetivo: Comparar la fuerza tensil de heridas cerradas mediante una sutura monofilamento no reabsorbible (nylon 5-0) y un polímero adhesivo (2-octylcianoacrilato). Material y Método: Estudio experimental. En incisiones de piel, utilizando conejos de la misma raza, se han realizado dos grupos de diez conejos, con dos incisiones cada uno, cerradas con 2-octycianoacrilato y con nylon 5-0 como control. Se ha valorado la fuerza tensil mediante un tensiómetro, en 2 tiempos: al 7° día (grupo I) y al 10° día (grupo II) post cirugía, y se ha tomado una muestra para análisis histológico. Los cálculos estadísticos se hicieron a través de prueba T-Student, y un p < 0,05 se tomó como significación estadística. Resultados: El valor medio de la fuerza tensil en el grupo I fue de 9,65 + 2,72 Newtons para las incisiones cerradas con 2-octylcianoacrilato y 9,28 + 3,28 Newtons para las cerradas con nylon 5-0, no existiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (P = 0,801). En el grupo II el valor medio de la fuerza tensil fue 10,98 +4,80 Newtons para las incisiones cerradas con 2-octylcianoacrilato, y 9,08 + 3,58 Newtons para las cerradas con nylon 5-0, no existiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,357). El estudio histológico mostró mayor inflamación, celularidad, fibrosis y proliferación vascular en incisiones cerradas con nylon 5-0. Conclusiones: La sutura de piel realizada con el polímero adhesivo 2-octylcianoacrilato es tan resistente a la tracción como la realizada con la sutura monofilamento no reabsorbible nylon 5-0 y presenta menor reacción inflamatoria local al estudio histológico.

Background: Cyanoacrylate can be used for incision closure with better esthetical results, less pain and lower incidence of infections. However, it could have a lower resistance to tension. Aim: To compare tensile strength of wounds closed with a non reabsorbable monofilament suture and octylcyanoacrylate. Material and Methods: Two skin incisions were done in the dorsal area of 20 rabbits. One incision was closed with nylon 5-0 with stitches every 0.5 cm and the other was closed with 2 layers of octylcyanoacrylate. Groups of nine rabbits were killed at seven and ten days after the procedure. A skin rectangle of the wound area was removed and the tensile force of the suture was measured with a specially devised instrument. A histological study of the incision was also done. Results: At seven days, tensile strength of sutures closed with cyanoacrylate and nylon were 9.65 + 2.72 and 9.28 + 2.38 Newtons, respectively, p=NS. At ten days, the figures were 10.98 + 4.8 and 9.08 + 3.58 Newtons respectively, p=NS. The histological study showed more inflammation, cellularity, fibrosis and vascular proliferation in sutures closed with nylon. Conclusions: No differences in tensile strength of sutures closed with cyanoacrylate or nylon were observed in this animal model. Sutures closed with nylon had a higher inflammatory reaction.

Acanthostomoides apophalliformis (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) does not cause detectable mortality in Galaxias maculatus (Teleostomi: Galaxiidae)

The present study was conducted to determine if parasite induced mortality existed in a "puyen" population in Moreno Lake, southern Argentina. Data on both parasite abundance and degree of aggregation of parasite frequency distribution showed the absence of fish mortality induced by A. apophalliformis.

Acanthostomoides apophalliformis (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) não causa mortalidade detectável no peixe Galaxias maculatus (Teleostomi: Galaxiidae) de Argentina do Sul. O "puyen", Galaxias maculatus, é um peixe nativo pequeno que habita a América do Sul e a Oceania. Acanthostomoides apophalliformis é um trematódeo digenético que parasita, freqüentemente, os "puyenes". O estudo atual foi conduzido para determinar se existe mortalidade induzida por parasito no população do "puyen" no lago Moreno, no sul de Argentina. Os dados de abundância do parasito e no grau de aggregação da distribuição de freqüência do parasito, sugerem a ausência de mortalidade induzida por A. apophalliformis em "puyenes".

First record of human trichinosis in Chile associated with consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa)

The first South American case of human trichinosis, resulting from the consumption of roast wild boar (Sus scrofa) is reported in Chile. The patient presented fever, diarrhea, myalgias, facial edema, sub-conjunctival reddening, photophobia, eosinophilia, and elevated glutamic oxalacetic transaminase. The diagnosis was confirmed by two immunoenzymatic tests (ELISA) using somatic and excretion-secretion antigens.

Wavelet and Fourier analysis of ventricular and main arteries pulsations in anesthetized dogs

The purpose of this study was to characterize time-frequency behavior using the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to analyze ventricular and arterial pressure signals from anesthetized mongrel dogs. Both ventricular and arterial pressure pulsations were recorded using catheter-tip manometers and the CWT was applied to these signals to obtain module coefficients, associated contours, and the 3-D representation of these modules. FFT was applied to obtain the Fourier spectrum. The mathematical analysis of the cardiovascular pressure pulsations permitted the identification of the evolution of the frequency components for the aortic and pulmonary valve functions as well as the intra-ventricular and respiratory influences on the cardiovascular dynamics. The CWT is a very sensitive and reliable procedure for determining the three-dimensional (time-frequency-amplitude) of the oscillatory phenomena during each cardiac cycle, providing more, although complementary, information than the spectral analysis obtained with the FFT. Thanks to the FFT, exact values in Hz could be found for the different events produced in each cycle, and thus the information provided by CWT could be related to the information provided by FFT. The combination of both mathematical methodologies permitted identification of each component of the analyzed signals. The 3D representation allowed an easy comparison of the relative importance of the complex magnitudes in frequency for the different components of the pulsatile waves.

Inmunorreactividad de enolasa en el epitelio seminífero senil humano / Immunoreactivity to enolase in the human senil seminiferous epithelium

El metabolismo energético intracelular compartimentalizado, activa la enzimo enolasa para formar ácido pirúvico. Este, substrato energético, debe ingresar a la mitocondria para continuar hacia el ciclo de losácidos tricarboxílicos. Sin embargo, durante la proliferación del epitelio seminífero ocurre una distribución y pérdida citoplasmática progresiva y disposición de las mitocondrias a nivel del flagelo inicial. en el presente estudio se describe la inmunoreactividad de la enzimo enolasa en las diferentes poblaciones celulares del epitelio seminífero, en testiculo humano senil. Se trabajo con un paciente de 70 años, sometido a orquiectomía subcapsular terapéutica. El tejido testicular fue fijado inmediatamente en formalina taponada al 10 por ciento y mantenido por 12 horas. Luego se procesó por técnicas histológicas corrientes e incluyo en parafina para obtener secciones de 5 um. Posteriormente se procedió a la reacción inmunohistoquímica para enolasa y revelación con complejo avidina-biotina. Finalmente se cuantificaron las distintas poblaciones celulares del epitelio seminífero con reacción positivo o negativa. Los resultados preliminares se expresan en porcentajes de células positivas respecto del total de células contadas (40x. se observó que la totalidad de las células de Sértoli presentaron reacción negativa a la enolasa. En el epitelio seminífero se encontró que el 76 por ciento de las gonias (gonias tipo A y B) mostraron reacción negativa a la enolasa, mientras que en citos 1 se redujo al 10 por ciento y ausencia total en espermátidas y espermatozoides. Por lo tanto, las célula somáticas (de origen mesodérmico), del epitelio seminífero presentarían isoenzimas enolasas de reactividad diferente en la relación con la línea germinal (espermatogonias). Adicionalmente, en la línea germinal la inmunoreactividad a enolasa disminuye mientras progresa la espermatogénesis

Human infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Chile: report of seven cases

From 1997 to 1999, we identified seven human cases of infection by fourth stage larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens in Chile. All identified larvae were coughed up by the patients. Subjects were 10-55 years old; five were female. Some patients complained of coughing, expectoration, pharyngeal pain, nausea or anal and nasal pruritus. Larvae of three patients were coughed up from 36 h to 7 days after having eaten raw (cebiche or sushi) or lightly fried fish. P. decipiens has a marine life cycle. Infective third stage larva develop to adult stage in pinniped mammals. The nematode eggs are voided with the host faeces and develop and hatch releasing third stage larvae. Some crustaceans and fish act as hosts of third stage larvae. Man is an accidental host for third or fourth stage larvae

Infección por helmintos parásitos en salmón coho, oncorhynchus kisutch, durante su retorno al río Simpson, Chile / Infection by parasitic helmiths in coho sallmon, oncorhynchus kisutch, during their return to Simpson river, Chile

Between may and july 1994, 17 adult returning salmons, oncorhynchus kisutch, were collected in the River Simpson, Chile. All fishes showed infection by plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium sp. in different locations: stomach, spleen, liver, mesenteries and gonads. Infection with larval cestodes of an unidentified species of phillobothriidae was determined in the intestine of seven (41,2 percent) salmons and its prevalences of infection showed significant differences between female and male salmons. The 94,4 percent of total plerocercoids of diphyllobothrium were isolated from the stomach wall. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection by diphyllobothrium sp. did not show significant differences between fishes of different sex

Pressure oscillations in anesthetized dogs and its conversion into quasi-periodic orbits

Using a basic representation of dynamic systems, arterial blood pressure pulsations is converted into quasi-perioic orbits with the purpose of transforming a periodic phenomena into a cyclical on by plotting the pressure p(t) versus its first derivative dp/dt. This elementary mathematical procedure made it possible to evaluate the variability of the systemic arterial pressure pulsations, both systolic and diastolic, as well as the slope variability, can be distinguished in the carachrotic phase. One corresponds to the open aortic valves, and the other is associated with the closed valves. Furthermore, through the first derivative of pressure oscillations we were able to identify small changes in arterial pressure, which appeared when the sampling rate at least 150 samples per second. Since the time variable was converted into a parameter, the result was a synoptic or holistic approach, which is a considerable improvement for the visual analysis of cardiovascular phenomena. This simplified mathematical procedure can be easily implemented on a personal computer in real time and applied to all rhythmic phenomena in Physiology and Pathology.

On a new species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Cauque mauleanum (Pisces: Atherinidae) by brightfield and scanning electron microscopy

Hysterothylacium geschei n. sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) is described from the intestine of Cauque mauleanum (Steindachner) (Pisces: Atherinidae) from Lake Panguipulli (39º43'S; 72º13'W), Chile. Eleven (78.6 per cent) out of 14 fish were infected, with a mean intensity (range) of 14.4 (1-55) worms. The new species can be differentiated from the two previously described species of freshwater fishes from South America by the presence of lateral alae, the number of caudal papillae, and the length of the spicules, oesophagus, intestinal caecum, distance vulva-anterior extremity and the length ratio intestinal caecum: ventricular appendix. From the fishes examined in Lake Panguipulli, including the introduced salmonid species Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and the authochthonous species Basilichthys australis Eigenmann (Atherinidae) and Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes) (Percichthyidae), only one specimen of P. trucha was found parasitized by a third-stage larva of this species.

Aplectana artigasi n.sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from the frog Eupsophus calcaratus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Southern Chile

A new species found in the intestine of Eupsophus calcaratus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Yaldad, Chile (45º5'S;73º43'W) is described. This nematode is compared with other South American species of the genus. Aplectana artigasi differs from the only known Chilean species, Aplectana chilensis, as the former has a greater number of postanal papillae and double papilla in the ventral region of the tail.

Infección por protozoos y helmintos intestinales en escolares de sectores ribereños, con distintos niveles de contaminación fecal, del río Valdivia, Chile / Infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths in school children from riverside sectors, with different fecal contamination levels, of Valdivia river, Chile

During 1993, the prevalences of infection by intestinal protozoa and helminths (IPG) in the riverside schoolchildren population of two sectors of Valdivia river, with different levels of fecal contamination, were compared in relation to their contact with river water (swimming, bathing) and basical sanitation elements (BSE) of their houses: ceses and garbage disposal, and water supply., Populations of children from sectors A (n = 418), with significatively greater (SG) total coliform most probable number (MPN), and sector B (n = 400), were examined. PAFS test was used for the stool examination of one sample, from each child. The global prevalence of infection by IPH was similar in A (74.8 percent) and B (72.5 percent) sectors.From 10 identified IPH, only Entamoeba histolytica and Hymenolepis nana showed prevalences of infection SG in sector A, than in sector B. The contact of the children with the water of the river showed association with SG prevalences for E. histolytica, Entamoeba coli and Endolimax nana in sector B and for E. histolytica in sector A. No sanitary condition for the different BSE contributed to SG prevalences for E. histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in both sectors, and for E. coli in sector B. The contact with the river water and the different BSE contributed to prevalences SG in 5 and 3 IPH in sectors B and A, respectively. The results suggest that a projetc in study for the development of a treatment plant of wastewater in sector A, could contribute to control infection by IPH. But, this measure must be associated with improvement of the BSE, health education, and application of chemotherapy measures for geohelminthosis in both sectors